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Biography

Born in 1890 in Tiflis.

He graduated from Petrograd University (1916), and in 1918 joined the RCP(b).

From 1918 he held administrative positions in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, and was chairman (until 1938) of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

He taught mathematics at the Moscow Mining Academy (MGA, from 1930 - MGRI) until the end of his life, professor, head of the department of mathematics of the geophysical faculty of the Russian State University. Geological Prospecting University from 1930 to 1962

He was director of the Astronomical and Geodetic Research Institute at Moscow State University, from 1930 - editor-in-chief of the journal "World Studies", from 1931 - chairman of the Moscow Society of Astronomy Amateurs. In 1937, he actively participated in the persecution of participants in the so-called. "Pulkovo case".

After 1938, numerous performances by V.T. Ter-Oganezov’s “revelatory” articles from the standpoint of establishing the method of dialectical materialism for the development of natural sciences ceased.

By the end of the 30s, he was removed from all administrative posts, a full member of the Russian Astronomical Society, deputy chairman of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a member of the Expert Commission of the Higher Attestation Commission, a member of the Presidium of the Scientific Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, one of the founders of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society.

Already in 1955 he was not elected to the governing bodies of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society.

Essays

With the exception of two notes, he had no published works in the field of astronomy in 1927-1929.

• Solar and lunar eclipses [Text]: scientific publication / V. T. Ter-Oganezov. - M.: Goskultprosvetizdat, 1952
• Solar and lunar eclipses [Text]: scientific publication / V. T. Ter-Oganezov. - 3rd ed., add. and processed - M.: Gostekhizdat, 1954. - 126 p. : ill., color. ill., table, photo.

Achievements

• Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
• Professor
• full member of the Russian Astronomical Society

Images

Bibliography

• Bronshten V.A., McCutchen R. Portrait of an antihero // Nature. 1995. No. 6. P. 124-128

Political scientists say the reason for early resignations is a request for an update

Three governors at once on October 11 at their own request. The first was the head of Transbaikalia, Natalya Zhdanova. She began leading the region in September 2016, and now claims that she is leaving not because of numerous attacks, but because of new perspectives and internal motives. Until the President of Russia finds a replacement for her, the first deputy of the regional government, Alexander Kulakov, will rule Transbaikalia.

Photo: governor.zabaikalskiykrai.rf

Let us note that Zhdanova’s region was difficult. It consistently ranks last in the ranking of socio-economic development, and the governor could not do anything about it. It is no coincidence that in the 2018 elections it was able to gain only 54% of the votes, finding itself one step away from the second round, and United Russia actually failed in the Trans-Baikal parliament. There, the “party in power” collected 28.3% of the votes, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 24.65%, and the Liberal Democratic Party - 24.56%.

According to political scientist Konstantin Kalachev, the reason for the resignation was the low level of support among the population. “According to the results of the last elections to the Legislative Assembly of the region, the party in power, which was represented by Zhdanova, received only 28.30% of the votes. This result became a projection of the attitude towards the local administration. The Trans-Baikal Territory is a deeply depressed region, and Zhdanova cannot be called a strong leader. To govern the region, an effective technocrat and manager is needed. Perhaps it will be an outsider,” the expert suggested.

A few hours later, after Zhdanova, the 67-year-old head of the Kursk region, Alexander Mikhailov, resigned. Unlike his colleague, he lasted in power not for 2 years, but for 18 years. When leaving, he thanked everyone for their fruitful work together and stated that his successor should be a young man.

The political scientist said that the governor of the Kursk region has long been a candidate for replacement. “We must give him his due - despite his low popularity, he was able to build a completely effective management system. The problem is that the people who were part of this system were a little over sixty years old, which was reproached by 45-year-old Kursk businessmen and simply managers of the new generation,” says Kalachev. He notes that, despite the governor’s high anti-rating, the Kursk region has a decent level of social well-being and a low level of protest sentiment. “However, there is a request for renewal and it is very interesting to see who will replace one of the oldest governors, the last of the Mohicans. His useful life as a leader had expired and a replacement was necessary. It’s not just about Mikhailov - it’s high time to give way to young people there,” the expert concluded.

It is noteworthy that the day before his resignation, Mikhailov signed a decree according to which, for the next 3 years, he and his wife can travel free of charge to Moscow and back by train or plane twice a year, freely enter the regional administration building and meet with the head without a queue. Kursk region. In addition, in the next three years he can be buried for free, and for the next year he will be left at a security post at his place of permanent registration.

Another governor who announced his early resignation. He has held this position since 2010. Khamitov said that the decision to resign is his personal initiative and that he will not participate in the elections of the head of the republic in 2019. “In my deep conviction, regional leaders in adulthood must make a timely decision to end their activities and must leave with dignity, not under pressure from above or below or due to emergency circumstances, but deliberately and without conflict,” his statement says. According to him, he did not wait until the spring, when elections were scheduled in the region, to give the new team time to win the trust of residents.

The expert believes that in the near future there will be statements about new resignations of regional heads.

Sergey Makarov, director of the Institute for Political Research:

“It is obvious that some element of crisis has arisen and the authorities are trying to improve the situation. The last elections showed that the old governors were defeated. The presidential administration interprets this to mean that there is a request for an update and it is engaged in this update. I would also predict a further change in regional power. The authorities have their own large list of different parameters according to which resignations will take place. Some of them are more or less clear - the presence of scandals associated with the head of the region, as well as the popularity of the governor, which is expressed in support and voting for the party in power. There are common things: fatigue in the regions and the lack of popularity of United Russia, as well as hidden ones that are obvious only to people in the presidential administration.”

Which Pope Pius XI sent at the beginning of 1930 to Cardinal Pompili. In it, he spoke rather sharply about the anti-church policy of Soviet Russia, announced a future solemn prayer service to the patron saints of Russia and blessed everyone who would join the Holy See in the “prayer crusade.” The news of the "questa crociata" ("di preghiere" was discarded as unnecessary) was greeted with enthusiasm in the Kremlin. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin spoke in Pravda with a pamphlet “Financial Capital in the Pope’s Mantle”, a collection of cartoons “Our Answer to the Pope” was published, funds were raised throughout the country for the construction of a squadron of aircraft under the same name (why exactly the aircraft? were recorded violation of the air border by winged papists?).
Finally, on March 27, Izvestia published a letter from Soviet astronomers, in which they struck the Vatican not in the eyebrow, but in the eye. Having listed in detail the sins of Christ's governors, they called on the Holy See to retrieve the skeletons from the secret archives of the Inquisition and publicly condemn Clement VIII and other stranglers of progress:

Therefore, we would ask you not to consider our question as idle, even if we are forced to delve deep into history. After Pope Urban VIII, who was on the throne from 1623 to 1644, there were 24 or 25 Vicars of Christ, and now you are one. None of them provided clarification on some issues that always seemed like a dark spot in history.
Perhaps it is permissible to hope that you will consider it appropriate to give an answer to these questions that concern all of humanity, since your attention has already focused on questions about the connection of science with religion.
We hope that there is no need now to list all the issues in this area. It wouldn't even be feasible. It will be enough if only some of them are marked, which are given below.
In 1592, a certain minister of the Church of Christ, the Benedictine monk Giordano Bruno, was imprisoned in a Plombi (lead prison) in order to suppress the propaganda of the doctrine of the movement of the earth. After 8 years, i.e. in 1600, Bruno was excommunicated and sentenced to be punished “as mercifully as possible and without shedding blood,” which, translated from the language of the Holy Inquisition, meant being burned alive at the stake. As is known, this measure was implemented immediately.
In the same 1592, the Tuscan ruler Medici, fearing the wrath of the clergy and the pope, took measures to expel Galileo from Pisa, who had to leave for Padua without a penny. However, the struggle of the clergy with Galileo did not end.
In 1615, Pope Paul V in the sacred council officially recognized the doctrine of the movement of the Earth as heresy. On this occasion, it may be permissible to recall the letter of the Tuscan envoy to the papal court, Jesuit Pietro Guicciardini, to Duke Ferdinando. “(Galileo’s) irritability,” he wrote, “makes the skies of Rome very dangerous for him, especially at the present time, when our head, Pope Paul V, despises science and learned institutions.”
In September 1632, the final decision of the Inquisition was made to bring Galileo to trial.
On February 13, 1633, Galileo, depressed by years and illness, undertook a trip to Rome at the risk of his life.
July 23 of the same year in church. Santa Maria Sopra Minevra wrested his renunciation. On his knees, in his shirt, in front of the full clergy and in front of a large crowd of people, the 70-year-old great astronomer was forced to renounce the truth and admit lies. Only humility saved him from the fate of Bruno, a member of the Accademia del Cemento Olivo, the physicist Jansinus, and others. After the death of Galileo, who spent the rest of his life in prison, the Inquisition demanded all the letters and manuscripts of the great scientist to be burned.
The Frauenburg monk, canon Nicolaus Copernicus, born in 1473, wrote an essay “On the Conversion of the Heavenly Worlds” (“De revolutionibus orbium сelestium”), which for many years was delayed from publication for fear of consequences. This book appeared only when 70-year-old Copernicus was lying on his deathbed; Fontenelle is known to have congratulated Copernicus on this success, as he safely escaped his pursuers.
Here it would be appropriate to remind you that this great work was removed from the index of prohibited books only in 1831, i.e. at a time when neither the prohibition nor the permission of the doctrine of the movement of the Earth was no longer in the power of the church and had absolutely no meaning for anyone.
In 1597 the astronomer Tycho Brahe was forced to leave his fatherland, having been declared a heretic and an atheist. “Every earth is a fatherland for the strong, and heaven is everywhere” (“Omne solum forti patria et coelum”), Brahe wrote to the Landgrave of Hesse.
In 1598 Kepler, who discovered the laws of motion of the planetary system, was forced to flee from Styria to Hungary due to the fact that the zealous Catholic Ferdinando declared St. virgin and vowed to eradicate all heresy. Kepler was not even helped by the fact that before this he had acted as a defender of the reform of the calendar of Pope Gregory, thereby arousing the discontent of the people against himself, who said: “We consider the pope to be a roaring lion; It is better to remain at odds with the sun than in agreement with the Pope.”
In 1599 Kepler moves to Graz, but a year later he is forced to flee again, finding himself without funds.
In 1615 The Catholic clergy of Linz excommunicated Kepler from the church. That same year, Kepler's mother was imprisoned in Leonberg prison on charges of witchcraft and heresy. Soon she was sentenced to death for having relations with the devil, which she allegedly learned from her aunt, who ended her life at the stake.
In 1624 Kepler's calendars were burned by the hand of the executioner. Astronomy still feels their absence.
In 1626 the clergy organized an attack on his apartment in Linz, and he was forced to flee to Regensburg.
In 1630 he made his last trip from Linz to Regensburg and on November 15 left his family as an inheritance of 7 k. of money, a dress and two shirts.
These few facts, to which we ask you to pay attention, are given only as an illustration of the antagonism that has long existed between the church and science. Much has changed since then, and the forms of this antagonism have also changed, but the creature remains the same.
If St. Clement VIII once sent the founders of our science to the stake, then you, Pope Pius XI, will not be able to send any of its followers to the stake, although our views are thoroughly “heretical”. Now the papal church is taking up arms against “shameful materialistic errors,” because directly attacking science in our age is a futile undertaking, and it is now no secret to anyone that science cannot help but be materialistic.
Your fears that “with shameful materialistic errors the instigators (i.e., the power of the working people) seek to defeat religion and God himself, to achieve the destruction of reason and human nature itself” - at least in the second part, are completely unfounded. Science is flourishing in the Soviet Union. The gigantic growth of socialist construction corresponds to an equally powerful flourishing of science, in particular astronomy. New scientific centers are being organized, the cadre of scientists is being strengthened, etc. Scientists, together with all working people, participate in the general rise of the country and the organization of the socialist economy, and the proletarian government does not “achieve the destruction of everything rational,” but, on the contrary, bases the development of the country on science.
The scientists of the USSR, who survived three revolutions, became politically much more mature than their comrades in capitalist countries. They are well aware that since the world has split into two camps - socialist and capitalist - then scientists must unconditionally stand alongside the workers “Against” capitalism, with which the church stands in solidarity.
In conclusion, we would like to receive an answer from His Holiness: does the church still consider Bruno, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and many other martyrs of science to be heretics and sinners, and if it does not, then are Clement VIII, Paul I subjected to public “condemnation” , Ur6an VIII and other popes who committed as much evil as was not committed by all the villains of the world?

(the letter has been published in full, including the names of the 70 scientists who signed it)

The author of the letter was most likely Vartan Tigranovich Ter-Oganezov, a man of difficult fate. Born in 1890 in Tiflis, studied astronomy in St. Petersburg, in 1918. joined the Bolsheviks, trying in every possible way to prove himself in the field of reorganizing science. First, the party threw him onto the environmental front, then Ter-Oganezov served in the People's Commissariat for Education, and returned to astronomy only in 1930, when he was appointed executive editor of the journal "World Studies" (the old editorial board was dissolved, former editor D.O. Svyatsky was arrested for counter-revolutionary activities, he was sent to build the White Sea Canal, then freed; in 1934, anticipating a new wave of purges after the murder of Kirov, he fled to Kazakhstan and died there in 1940). In the archives of the famous scientist, Narodnaya Volya member and chrono-fighter N.A. Morozov, a touching protocol of the first meeting of the renewed editorial board has been preserved:

Present: V.T. Ter-Oganezov (secret editor), N.A. Morozov, V.I. Kozlov (secret editor)...1. Listened to: Message from the Responsible Editor about the ideological direction of the magazine... In the debate, N.A. Morozov noted his complete agreement with the planned line of work. 2. We listened to the Secretary’s report on the financial situation and prospects of the magazine... During the debate, N.A. Morozov congratulated the Editorial Board on the great achievements it had achieved... The meeting began at 15:40; ended at 16:15.

The new "ideological direction of the magazine" included anti-religious propaganda, the speech of Pius XI served as an excellent trigger. Ter-Oganezov then republished in “World Studies” both “An Open Letter from Soviet Astronomers” and the response from the papal office, which literally a week later appeared in the Vatican’s “Osservatore Romano.” There are two leitmotifs in the answer: 1) Copernicus is not us, 2) what kind of scientists you are, you are soaked goats.
Why it was reprinted in the USSR is not very clear. Perhaps Ter-Oganezov felt the legitimate pride of a troll who had just been deliciously fed. Or the fact that the Holy See found no excuses regarding G. Bruno played a role:

First of all, we categorically deny that the Holy Father made any statements “regarding the persecution suffered by scientists in Russia.”
Further, the claim that Copernicus and Kepler were persecuted by the Roman Inquisition is a complete fabrication. Copernicus was attacked by Luther and Melanchthon, but he never suffered any inconvenience from the Catholics, and was able to dedicate his famous work to Paul III. This book was distributed unhindered until the Galileo case forced it to be included in the list of prohibited books, from which it was subsequently removed again.
Everyone also knows that Catholics respected Kepler. When the expulsion of all Protestants from Graz was decided, an exception was deliberately made for Kepler, and since he nevertheless left Graz, he was returned by decree of Archduke Ferdinand. Subsequently, a second expulsion followed, but it was also of a general nature, and in no way affected the scientist himself.
As for Galileo, we are simply amazed at the ignorance of the authors of the letter of the fact that 50 years ago all the documents relating to his trial were made available to scientists and everything that Galileo said in Florence and Rome was published by Professor Favaro from Padua and Cioni from Florence. Currently, all these documents will be included in the new edition of Barber.
Therefore, it seems to us very strange that the alleged Russian astronomers demand that an international commission of astronomers be allowed to study valuable documents stored in the secret archives of the Vatican. Don't they know that the archive is open to everyone? The materials stored there were studied even by their compatriots, including Schmorl, who more than once reviewed all the documents relating to Russia, and even compiled a list of them.
We said “imaginary astronomers” not only because the authors of the “open letter” are apparently unfamiliar with what is well known to every learned astronomer who knows the history of his science, but also because the only Russian scientists who really study astronomy, i.e. e. those who work in Nizhny Novgorod maintain a constant exchange of publications with the Vatican Observatory. The latter also received their 1930 yearbook in exchange for her voluminous scientific works.
These thick scientific books provide excellent evidence of the extent to which the Catholic Church persecutes science and astronomy in particular.

Ter-Oganezov headed “World Studies” for another 7 years; in 1937, he actively participated in the persecution of participants in the so-called. "Pulkovo case":

The truth of Comrade's words. We, astronomers, can perfectly test Stalin by events that happened in our own ranks. The bodies of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs discovered a gang of enemies of the people in Soviet astronomical institutions, which for a number of years carried out its dark deed. These enemies, among other things, tried to do everything to try to undermine the prestige of Soviet astronomy and prevent its successful progress. For example, you can focus on one of these pests. What was he like? This is a former Socialist-Revolutionary who pretended to be a supporter of Soviet power, who outwardly tried to show his “reconciliation” with it in words, but who often could not stand it and bared his wolf fangs.

In total, more than 30 people were arrested, many, incl. director of the observatory Gerasimovich (owner of “wolf fangs”), were shot. This was Ter-Oganezov’s finest hour, and then his career began to decline. In 1938, “World Studies” was closed, and he was not re-elected chairman of the Moscow Astronomical and Geodetic Society. Ter-Oganezov spent the war in Tashkent, then, after briefly participating in the fight against relativistic cosmology, he finally left the stage. After his death in 1962, not a single astronomical journal, as a biographer caustically notes, published his obituary.

The Stalinists’ attack on “old-regime” scientists was not, of course, limited to technical disciplines—fundamental science, which in theory had nothing to do with the political and economic situation, was also supposed to be revised.

Tell me, what relation can the observation of a solar eclipse have to the development of the national economy? It turns out that it is the most direct. And what’s more, for incorrectly observing a solar eclipse, one could easily be sent to a forced labor camp.

The first repressions against fundamental sciences began under Lenin, when some of the leading scientists were deported abroad. However, not everyone is so lucky.

Back in 1909, the famous revolutionary revolutionary and scientist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov, famous for being familiar with Karl Marx and translating the “Manifesto of the Communist Party” into Russian, organized the Russian Society of World Science Lovers (ROLM), designed to unite all Russian astronomy lovers . Branches of ROLM have appeared in many cities of Russia. Since 1912, the society has published its own printed organ - the journal "World Studies". Its editor until 1930 was a meteorologist and astronomer, a famous historian of science, Daniil Osipovich Svyatsky, a researcher of Russian cosmism and the author of the major work “Astronomical Phenomena in Russian Chronicles.”

For the first twelve years after the revolution, society worked normally, without encountering obstacles from the authorities. General and sectional meetings were held regularly, scientific expeditions were organized, and works were published. Many young scientists and engineers found support for their endeavors in society. Thus, one of the most active members of the society was designer Valentin Glushko, creator of engines for Soviet heavy rockets.

ROLM fell under the steamroller of repression largely by accident. The scientific secretary of ROLM Kazitsyn had the habit of keeping a diary in which he carefully wrote down who spoke about what at meetings of society members. Not everything in the actions of the Soviet authorities pleased the ROLM members, and many openly expressed their dissatisfaction. Unfortunately, Kazitsyn’s diary fell into the hands of OGPU officers.

In the spring of 1930, Svyatsky was arrested. The journal “World Studies” was transferred from Leningrad to Moscow, and astronomer Vartan Tigranovich Ter-Oganezov (a true “gravedigger” of Soviet astronomy, who made a career for himself by eliminating his colleagues) was appointed as its executive editor. By administrative decision of the Leningrad Executive Committee in December 1930, ROLM was closed.

Kazitsyn, in his letters full of anxiety, informed the chairman of ROLM, 76-year-old Nikolai Morozov, who lived in the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl region, about the course of events - but Morozov could no longer help.

Ter-Oganezov explained the “cleansing” of society not only by political motives, but by the need to combat the religiosity of individual scientists. Thus, in No. 2 of “World Studies” for 1930, prepared for publication by Svyatsky, but published without his last name, the first part of Nina Mikhailovna Staude’s article “The Atmosphere of the Earth” was published, and the second part of this article was never published. Ter-Oganezov answered puzzling questions from readers with an editorial note entitled “About the astronomical bison.” It turned out that Staude, a deeply religious person, sent a request to Mirovedenie not to publish her articles and notes that were in the editorial portfolio, since one of the tasks proclaimed by the renewed editorial board was active anti-religious propaganda. Having granted her request, the editors stated: “Gr. Staude, not being in the ranks of the atheists, being religious, makes a wild demand for our conditions that the institutions in which she works should also not be among the institutions that set themselves anti-religious goals. Where and in what institutions does Staude work?”

But by that time (mid-1931) Staude had not worked for a long time - she was under arrest.

By the way, at the same time, another religious astronomer from among the ROLM members was arrested - corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, a world-famous scientist and founder of theoretical astrobiology. Fortunately, he was only in custody for two months.

Vsevolod Vasilievich Sharonov, a famous astronomer and planetary researcher, spent several months in prison. At the end of 1930, Kazitsyn and Muratov, deputy chairman of ROLM, were arrested.

Svyatsky and Kazitsyn, after a long period of imprisonment, were tried and sent to build the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Svyatsky was lucky: first he was released from general work and appointed as a meteorologist, and then released early in 1932. But three years later they remembered him and in February 1935 he and his wife were administratively deported to Alma-Ata.

The fate of Vladimir Alekseevich Kazitsyn is mysterious. After serving a short term in those years, he was ordered to go to live in Saratov. From there he wrote a letter to Morozov and disappeared...

It is clear that the events that took place in Leningrad in 1930 could not but affect Moscow. The State Astrophysical Institute (GAFI), founded in 1923, was “cleansed”. And it was conducted by none other than the already mentioned Ter-Oganezov, appointed deputy director of the institute (the director was Vasily Grigorievich Fesenkov, the author of the original cosmogonic theory).

This is how Ter-Oganezov himself spoke about this at a meeting of the party-Komsomol group of the Moscow branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society on April 9, 1938: “Ten years ago, the party and the Soviet government sent me to bring the Astrophysical Institute into a “Christian form.” I found myself there as if I were in a camp of enemies. The only one I could rely on was Yu.V. Filippov, but I spent most of my time alone. V.V. Stratonov, who was expelled in 1922, and V.A. Kostitsyn (a defector) received their salaries at this institute. The leaders of the institute (V.G. Fesenkov and others) have harbored a grudge against me since then. I'm proud that they peck me. I believe that I did my job correctly...”

The result of this “work” was an order for the science sector of the People’s Commissariat of Education dated September 25, 1930 on the release of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Fesenkov from his duties as director of the institute. Kostitsyn was expelled from the editorial board of the Astronomical Journal, and in his place was introduced... Ter-Oganezov. Professor Orlov was appointed acting director of GAFI. And after 9 months, GAFI was merged with the Astronomical Observatory of Moscow State University and the Astronomical-Geodetic Institute into the Sternberg State Astronomical Institute (SAI).

At the same time, Moscow astronomers were subjected to repression. Astrophysicist Vorontsov-Velyamov was arrested. The astronomer, editor and bibliographer Shorygin sipped on the prison gruel. But all this was only a prelude to the great tragedy of 1936-1937...

After the assassination of Sergei Kirov on December 1, 1934, a wave of repressions took place in Leningrad. Everyone who had previously been imprisoned was exiled (including Svyatsky and Staude). Mainly old party cadres, military officers, security officers, and business executives were “purged,” but they also took in engineers and scientists.

One of the first to be arrested was the director of the Astronomical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (and its organizer), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Boris Vasilyevich Numerov, a major specialist in the field of astrometry, celestial mechanics and gravimetry. He would be shot in September 1941.

Literally a few days after Numerov’s arrest, on November 7, 1936, the leading astronomers of the Pulkovo Observatory were arrested: the head of the astrophysics sector Balanovsky, the famous astrometrists Komendantov and Yashnov. A month later, on December 4, 1936, they were followed by young astrophysicists Eropkin and Kozyrev, as well as the deputy director of the observatory, Dneprovsky. In February 1937, the scientific secretary of the observatory, Musselius, was arrested, and in May, the talented astrophysicist Perepelkin.

On May 24, 1937, a visiting session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, in a closed session, sentenced Numerov, Dneprovsky, Balanovsky, Komendantov, Yashnova, Eropkin, Kozyrev and Musselius to 10 years in prison. Somewhat later, a special board of the Leningrad Regional Court, also in a closed session, sentenced Perepelkin to 5 years in prison. But in fact, only one of them, Kozyrev, served his assigned sentence and was released in 1946.

The director of the Pulkovo Observatory, Boris Petrovich Gerasimovich, felt that clouds were gathering over his head. His letter to Morozov dated June 21, 1937 has been preserved, in which he politely asks to postpone the meeting and discussion of scientific issues that interested Morozov until the fall. Perhaps he hoped that if they didn’t touch him until the fall, then they decided to leave him alone. This hope was not destined to come true: exactly ten days after the letter to Morozov, on June 30, 1937, Gerasimovich was arrested and executed on November 30 of the same year.

Last of all, at the end of 1937, Matvey Petrovich Bronstein was arrested (among a large group of physicists from Leningrad University). In February 1938 he was shot.

For what reason were the Pulkovo astronomers killed? In an article in the journal “World Studies” No. 6 for 1937 under the characteristic title “For the complete eradication of sabotage on the astronomical front,” written by Ter-Oganezov, Gerasimovich was accused of failure to fulfill obligations on international projects and “sabotage” in preparing for observations of the full solar eclipse on June 19, 1936. Another accusation was that the search for a site for the construction of a large southern observatory was progressing slowly, and several sites surveyed were found unsuitable - allegedly the “saboteur” Gerasimovich deliberately sent groups of observers to obviously unsuitable places.

It is noteworthy that the plenum of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, held in March 1937, entrusted further management of the work on choosing a site for the southern observatory to Ter-Oganezov, which, however, did not advance these works at all, and could not advance, because Ter-Oganezov was absolutely incompetent in matters astroclimate (which mainly determines the suitability of a particular place for placing an astronomical observatory there)...

Such terrible consequences for astronomers for the mythical failure to observe a solar eclipse only from today seem disproportionate to what they did. The rhetoric of the Stalin era worked again: the leisurely scientific process was equated with actions at the front, and all those who did not understand this were considered “enemies” - traitors, ready to plunge a knife into the back of the revolutionary proletariat.

The hidden idealism of Stalin's memorial materialism was also manifested in the fact that simple knowledge of the world was turned into an element of an irreconcilable struggle, within which there was no room for compromise. Under these conditions, even the observation of an ordinary solar eclipse turned into some kind of globally significant ritual, on which the outcome of the struggle between Marxism and ideologies hostile to it directly depended.

“All of us, Soviet astronomers,” wrote Ter-Oganezov in the article “For the complete eradication of sabotage on the astronomical front,” “must<…>learn the appropriate lesson. Here we have new proof that the enemy is trying to penetrate every pore of the Soviet body, that he pretends to be our “friend”, sometimes, in order to dull our vigilance, he allows himself to do “useful things”, in order to inflict perhaps a heavy blow to the country of socialism<...>

We are confident that Soviet astronomers, having united their ranks more closely, together with all the scientific workers of the Soviet Union, together with all the working people of our country, will achieve new successes on the front of socialist construction, under the leadership of the proven Communist Party and comrade. Stalin."

From the point of view of the fantastic reality into which the Soviet Union was plunging under Joseph Stalin, the astronomer Ter-Oganezov was absolutely right. Soviet fundamental science was supposed to become part of Marxism, despite the fact that the further, the more the Marxist-Leninist theory moved away from the processes taking place in the world...

Reveal the secret of the surname TER-OGANESOV(in Latin transliteration TER-OGANEZOV) looking at the results of calculations in numerological magic of numbers. You will discover hidden talents and unknown desires. You may not understand them, but you feel that you don’t know something about yourself and your loved ones.

The first letter T of the TER-OGANEZOV surname tells about the character

Passion and sexuality. You are characterized by hobbies at first sight, because of this, due to carelessness, mistakes in choosing a partner are possible. During your midlife crisis, this can play a negative role when your chosen one(s) leaves you or refuses to listen to tedious outpourings about your problems.

Characteristic features of the surname TER-OGANEZOV

• power
• comfort
• unity with nature
• impermanence
• lack of systematicity
• attention to detail
• good faith
• mystery
• talkativeness
• vitality
• insight
• passion
• emotionality
• vigor of self-expression
• high intuition
• material dissatisfaction
• interest in health
• sharp mind
• creative ambitions
• great emotionality
• mysterious disturbances
• dogmaticity
• constant pressure
• self-confidence
• search for an ideal
• sensitive creative personality

TER-OGANESOV: number of interaction with the world “6”

It’s easy to recognize a “Six Man” - this is the same person who is incredibly lucky, is always surrounded by friends, has a wonderful family and knows first-hand what mutual love is. Fate's darling? Actually this is not true. Everything that the “six-man” receives with seeming ease is deserved by him. This person is distinguished by a calm, balanced character, the ability to help in a difficult situation, give sensible advice or simply listen to someone who needs moral support. In serving others on a variety of levels, Sixes often find meaning in their lives; They are the ones who know how to give without losing anything, and calmly accept any gifts. Relatives and friends of the “six-person” feel calm and comfortable around him - such a person does not play psychological games, does not try to manipulate them, says exactly what he thinks, but in a form that will not offend anyone.

“Six” is an excellent family man, and he cares not only about the comfort of home and the success of all family members, but also about the mental state of his loved ones. This is an incomparable homemaker, an intelligent and patient mentor, and a worthy example to follow. Caring about others, people of the Six often forget about themselves, and one of the important lessons that they should learn is not to waste themselves completely, since their strengths are great, but still not inexhaustible.

The desire of “sixers” for harmony leaves an imprint not only on their relationships with people, but also on how they organize their lives - from fundamental tendencies to the smallest details. There is no doubt that the apartment of a person of six is ​​clean and cozy, the workplace is comfortable and conducive to productive work, and the place of rest pleases the eye with a pleasant landscape. “Sixers” not only appreciate beauty, but are also able to see it in everything that surrounds them. That is why they often have extraordinary talents in the field of design, and, importantly, are able to help anyone reveal the best sides of their soul.

If there is one thing that hinders “sixers” in life, it is the inability to make a decision quickly and not deviate one step from it. Such people are able to help others, give simple and reasonable advice, but they themselves are often tormented by unreasonable doubts, nervous and worried about little things. They are receptive to the joys of life, but they also take troubles to heart; often react overly emotionally and suffer from emotional wounds for a long time.

TER-OGANESOV: the number of spiritual aspirations is “9”

The category of people whose number of spiritual aspirations is nine is characterized by imbalance and inconsistency. Their main desire is to improve the quality of life (both their own and that of others), which they try to bring to life solely in accordance with their own ideas. Nature has endowed the “niners” with a super-strong sense of responsibility and inflated demands on others, and only attachment to loved ones makes them indulgent.

Despite the fact that “nines” are quite ambitious, excessive daydreaming and lack of vital energy do not allow them to reach great heights. Failures can turn such people into grumpy losers who are embittered towards the whole world, but more often than not, “nines” perceive defeat philosophically and continue to look for new ways for development.

“Niners” are attracted to everything beautiful. Distinguished by a heightened sense of harmony, such people always stand out “in the crowd”: with extravagant outfits, unusual activities, and artistry. They need everyone's attention like air, while the feeling of uselessness causes bitter resentment. The dream of “nines” is to make everyone around them happy.

But most often they fail to do this, because they do not want to go into detail about finding out the essence of happiness for a particular person, and therefore they either remain inactive or do something wrong, subsequently not wanting to admit their mistakes.

People - “nines” constantly live in a world of illusions that they cherish and nurture. At the same time, facing the worst manifestations of reality for them is serious stress, causing suffering and even depression. Already in adulthood, “nines” are distinguished by frivolity, impracticality, inability to adapt to life and youthful idealism.

Meanwhile, sometimes they still have common sense and prudence. In a familiar and comfortable environment, “niners” relax, become charming and pleasant interlocutors. Their personal life is very rich, full of emotions and deep experiences. Due to the fact that “nines” are able to subtly sense the desires of others, as well as create a harmonious ensemble of “internal” and “external”, they often become talented designers.

TER-OGANESOV: number of true features “6”

When a person is influenced by a number six, his main goal in life becomes peace, tranquility and serenity. Moreover, not only mental and personal peace is important to him. For him, the calmness of close people, and sometimes even complete strangers, matters. This need makes people with “sixes” very vulnerable.

After all, you have to worry about literally everyone and everything. Unlike most, such people do not strive to get rich, become famous and successful. For them, such desirable attributes of a happy life for everyone will only be sources of unnecessary anxiety and problems.

The place of residence of such people is most often small cozy cities, villages and towns. Life in a multimillion-dollar metropolis with its hustle and bustle and constant rush is not for them. Even if they live in such a city, they will never feel comfortable there. But a leisurely way of life, with monotonous chores and worries, is what they need. They definitely won't be bored.

Ambition and ambition are not about people under the sign of six. The main thing for them is to find something they love that really brings them satisfaction. And then they can really achieve significant success. Such people are dreamers, but at the same time they believe that their dreams can be realized. Therefore, even failures cannot cool their ardor. Time will pass and they will try to fulfill their dream again.

Sometimes such persistence gets in the way in life. After all, brilliant prospects can pass by them unnoticed. However, even in this case, the “sixers” consider themselves quite the favorites of fortune, and believe in the best. Even a difficult life situation will not make them lose optimism and look at the world through dark glasses. He is convinced that all bad things will come to an end, and the reward for difficulties will not be long in coming.

It is very pleasant to communicate with a person under the sign of six. There is always a place for guests in his house; it is cozy and comfortable. He is an excellent host, but does not make a cult out of order and luxury. For him, the main thing is mental comfort, and things should be simple and convenient.

In caring for his family, such a person sometimes does not know the limits. And sometimes he becomes a little annoying. But, unfortunately, he sometimes forgets about his interests.