Analysis of Japanese kanji by keys. Chinese. Why are keys needed?

search by key- - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general EN key retrievalkey search ... Technical Translator's Guide

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This question interests everyone who has already had at least a little experience with the study of Chinese characters. After all, it is quite logical that in a text in Chinese there may be a word whose reading you do not know. What to do then? How to find out the pronunciation and translation of an unfamiliar hieroglyph? The answer suggests itself - look it up in the dictionary.

There are several ways to search for a word in the Chinese-Russian dictionary. Let's look at the most classic of them, search “by key”. For example, you don’t know how to read the hieroglyph “ 均 ”.

Searching for a hieroglyph in a dictionary is significantly different from the process of searching for a word in a dictionary, for example, in English. If in the English-Russian dictionary we just need to find an unfamiliar term based on the alphabetical arrangement of the letters in it, then in the Chinese-Russian dictionary we need to carry out three steps before getting to reading and translating an unfamiliar hieroglyph.

So, the first thing you need to do is highlight the main key in the hieroglyph. Usually the main key is located either on the left or at the top of the hieroglyph. However, there are exceptions to this rule. The secret to accurately identifying the main key in a hieroglyph is still practice. Over time, identifying the main part becomes easier and easier.

In our example, the main key will be 土 “ Earth".

Here we cannot fail to mention that we should not neglect either the order of writing the features in the hieroglyph or their number. In truth, you often want to write a hieroglyph in a way that seems logical, and not in a way that many rules dictate. Sometimes it’s tempting to draw 口 with one line, and 回 with two, for example, a square and another square.
However, such disregard for writing rules can have costly consequences in the future. The keys in a table that opens many dictionaries are arranged in order of increasing strokes, and 口 will be placed in a row with keys that have three strokes, not just one.
Without knowing the number of features in the key, you will have to spend much more time searching for an unfamiliar word in the dictionary.

So, having determined how many traits are in the main key, you need to find it in the key index table. Here it is worth noting that the numbers indicating the number of features in the main key are traditionally indicated in the table with hieroglyphs. That is, under the number 一 （yī one） all keys in which there is only one line are located, under the number 二 (èr two) keys in which there are two strokes and so on.

There are two numbers to the right and left of each key in the index. The number on the left indicates the number under which hieroglyphs with a given key sign (in our case, “earth”) are located in the “hieroglyphic index” table. The number on the right indicates the dictionary page on which all hieroglyphs with a given key are located (the fact is that the “hieroglyphic index” table can be quite voluminous and the page number helps to navigate it faster).

In our case, all hieroglyphs with the sign “earth” are located on page 15 under number 49.

After we have opened the desired page and found the number we are interested in, the following task arises:
– count the number of lines in the remaining part of the hieroglyph (the number of lines of the key no longer needs to be counted). In hieroglyph 均 on its right side there are four lines.
Now we need to find the hieroglyph we need in the second tablet “hieroglyphic index”. In this table, the hieroglyphs are also arranged in increasing order of the number of strokes; our hieroglyph will be under the number 四 (sì four).


Having found our hieroglyph, we finally get the page number on which it can be found in the dictionary, see the reading and translation. Hieroglyph 均 found on page 495 of the dictionary.


Our hieroglyph reads jūn and translates as “equal, even, equally.”

You can safely skip the first two steps if you know how to read a hieroglyph, but don’t know how it is translated.
All characters are arranged in the dictionary in alphabetical order of their Pinyin transcription. That is, first come all the hieroglyphs, the reading of which begins with “a”, then “b” and so on.
Good luck to everyone in finding unfamiliar hieroglyphs!

Structure of hieroglyphs.

According to the method of formation, hieroglyphs are of the following types:
pictographic, ideographic, phonographic.
Pictographic hieroglyphs are the simplest hieroglyphs. In them we can find an echo of the shape of the denoting object, for example, 口，心，日 。

Ideographic characters consist of two simple characters, such as 信.

Phonographic hieroglyphs consist of a key and a phonetic. The key conveys the distant meaning of the hieroglyph (or rather, even the group to which the hieroglyph relates), while the phonetician conveys the sound of the hieroglyph and does not carry the meaning.
Most often, the key is located on the left, above and below the hieroglyph, and the phonetic is on the right, but variations are possible.
For example, the character 枝 branch consists of the key "tree" and the phonetic "zhi".
About 80% of Chinese characters are phonographic.
There are a total of 214 keys in the Chinese language. It is absolutely not necessary to know them all by heart, but it is advisable to remember the most frequently encountered ones.

List of the most common Chinese character keys:

List of some phonetics:

寸 possible readings: cun
小 possible readings: sun, xiao
每 possible readings: mei
羊 possible readings: yang, xian
银 possible readings: yan, yin, hen, gen.
重 possible readings: tuan, zhong
谁 possible readings: shei, shui, tui

Why do we need to know basic keys and phonetics?
Keys are necessary for at least an approximate understanding of the meaning, which makes it possible to guess the meaning of the word.
We may need phonetics in situations where we need to guess the pronunciation of a word. This may also be useful when we need to find a word in the dictionary, but we cannot use the search by style. For example, we need to find out the meaning of the character: 银. From the key you can understand that the word has something to do with metal. The phonetic can be read as yan, yin, hen, gen. Looking through these combinations, we can easily find the word 银 - yín silver.

EXERCISES
1) Name the meaning of the key and accordingly guess the semantic category of the hieroglyph

1. 洋

   key - water, meaning - ocean

2. 钱

   key - metal, meaning - “money”

3. 惊

   key - heart, meaning - get scared

4. 热

   key - fire, meaning - “hot”

5. 筷

   key - bamboo, meaning - “chopsticks”

6. 馆

   key - food, meaning - "restaurant"

7. 让

   key - speech, meaning - “give in”

2) Guess the possible pronunciation of the hieroglyph using phonetics:

1. 跟

   possible pronunciations phonetics: yan, yin, hen, gen. Pronunciation of the character: gēn

2. 鲜

   possible pronunciations phonetics: yang, xian. Character pronunciation: xiān

3. 畽

   possible pronunciations phonetics: tuan, zhong. Character pronunciation: tuǎn

4. 梅

   possible pronunciations phonetics: mei. Character pronunciation: mei

5. 脽

   possible pronunciations phonetics: shei, shui, tui. Character pronunciation: tuǐ

6. 忖

   possible pronunciations phonetics: cun. Character pronunciation: cǔn

7. 锺

   possible pronunciations phonetics: tuan, zhong. Character pronunciation: zhōng

8. 洋

   possible pronunciations phonetics: yang, xian. Character pronunciation: yáng

9. 推

   possible pronunciations phonetics: shei, shui, tui. Pronunciation of the character: tuī

Hi all.

I offer you a brief overview of a program designed to search for hieroglyphs and build dictionaries using a graphical system.

Main functions of the program:

1. Search for hieroglyphs.
2. Output translation files.
3. Creating your own dictionaries.

The program by default loads a dictionary (search part), built according to the graphic system traditionally adopted in Russian Sinology. The central element of this system is the lower right corner and (or) a descending prominent line.

Dictionary concept (search aspect)

All hieroglyphs are divided into seven groups, headed by seven basic features (elements), by which the search is carried out. Each group has its own subgroups, organized according to a certain criterion (or without it). The top four rows implement search logic (form a search chain), the bottom four rows are intended to display hieroglyphs.

This division is conditional. No one is stopping you from adding or removing a group (subgroup), changing their display order or their composition. For me, for example, Oblique and Humpbacked hooks are two subgroups that are part of the Hooks group, which is headed by the basic feature - Horizontal hook, and in BCRS (edited by B.G. Mudrov) they belong to Folding to the right. For me, the square heads a separate group, whereas in BCRS it belongs to the Horizontal main line. You can also not be attached to the lower right corner and in general, a lot more is possible. Another function of the program is intended for this – creating (editing) dictionaries.

Creating (editing) a dictionary (search aspect)

The dictionary file (also known as the output file) is loaded during program startup. This is a regular text file, only with the .hl extension, which can be edited without leaving the program. Structurally, the file consists of a group of lines, which are of two types: a line of characters and a line of numbers (pair), which alternate each other (line of characters, line of numbers, line of characters, line of numbers, etc.). One character corresponds to one numeric parameter. If this parameter is zero, then this is the last character in the search chain and the program will display the corresponding group of hieroglyphs. If the parameter is not equal to zero, then this is a pointer to a string of characters that needs to be output when selecting a feature (element) during the search process.

Creation (editing) algorithm

1. Switched from search mode to editing mode.
2. Clicked the Edit Output File button on the toolbar.
3. Added (removed) a symbol.
4. Added (removed) a symbol parameter.
5. Saved.
6. Switched from editing mode to search mode.
7. Updated the dictionary (similar to updating a page in a browser).
8. Let's see what happened.

Another function of the program is the output of translation files.

We found a hieroglyph, clicked on it, if the program found the corresponding file, it will display it, if not, it will offer to create it. As usual in this program, this is a regular text file, the name of which is the hieroglyph itself. Write whatever you want in this file. There is one key point: a dot in this file will be interpreted by the program as a beacon (in file viewing mode). This means that if there is a combination of hieroglyphs (phrase or sentence) below this point, then this combination will be highlighted, starting from the first hieroglyph and up to the first non-hieroglyph character at the moment when the mouse cursor is over this combination. Clicking on the selected fragment calls up a translation file for this combination of hieroglyphs; if the translation file is not found, you will be prompted to create it.

There is a translation file, as an example, for the character 一.

In short, that’s all for now (the program contains detailed help in Russian, WinHelp format).

The program is available for downloading from the website www.hanline.ru in the Program section. The site also presents an online version of the dictionary, implemented according to the same principle as in the program.

The main goal of the project today is to verify (or vice versa) its feasibility: whether this approach can be an alternative to Latin transcription (syllabic alphabet) and the key system.

Thanks to Alexander Maltsev.
Sincerely yours, Ilya

This is perhaps the most convenient and fastest way, but quite complicated. Almost all hieroglyphic dictionaries, except the oldest ones, have a table for searching hieroglyphs by keys. This table is standard, it always contains all 232 keys, grouped by the number of traits in them, and the page number on which all the hieroglyphs that are searched for this key are given.

Having determined which key in the desired hieroglyph is the main one, you need to find this key in the table. The hieroglyph must be looked for in the section dedicated to this key on the page whose number is indicated in the table. In this section, as a rule, there are not very many hieroglyphs, and they are arranged according to the number of features, from smallest to largest.

The most difficult thing, especially for a beginner, is to correctly determine which key is the main one for a given hieroglyph. If a hieroglyph contains only one key, then, naturally, it is necessary to search for it using this key.

However, most hieroglyphs consist of several keys, and this makes the task very difficult, since it is necessary to correctly determine which of them is the main one, so as not to go down the wrong path. To do this you need to know the following:

For example, and.

Sometimes a hieroglyph cannot be found using either the first or the last key. In this case, you need to try to find it using all the other keys that make up this hieroglyph. It is important to remember that sometimes two elements that at first glance appear to be different keys actually make up one key.

For example, and.

Flaws.

3.8. Search for a hieroglyph by the number of strokes

This method is the easiest. Having counted the number of strokes in a hieroglyph, it can be found in the table, where the hieroglyphs are arranged depending on the number of strokes. First, all hieroglyphs consisting of one line are searched, then two, three, etc.

Flaws